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14 Chapter Labor
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Worker
■ Labor force populationAccording to the announcement by the National Bureau of Statistics in China, the population of China at the end of 2014 was 1,355.69 million people and the labor force population was 921.12 million people. The population ratio of the workforce to the total population is 67.9%, which is decreasing year by year. The reason that the labor force population ratio is declining is that the birthrate has been at a low level due to China's one-child policy.At present, China is the most populous country in the world, but in 2025 China and India are about 1.4 billion people, almost the same number, in 2050 China is about 1.4 billion versus about 1.6 billion India It is said that India will become the world's No. 1 population powerhouse.In future we need to pay attention to population trends in China and supply problems of labor force.
■ Working Population by IndustryThe employment rate of the primary industry which was 50% in 2000 is decreasing year by year from 31.4% in 2013. On the other hand, the employment rate of secondary industry and tertiary industry is increasing. Especially for the secondary industry, the employment rate has increased as the wage level is rising remarkably, and it can be said that there is still a big presence.In future China, the productivity age population ratio tends to decrease after 2010, so improvement of productivity will be more important for sustainable growth.Compared to the composition ratio of the working population of Japan and China in 2013, Japan accounts for 4% of the workers in the primary industry, 24.8% in the secondary industry and 70.2% in the tertiary industry ( Some jobs are impossible to classify). Meanwhile, China's primary industry share is 31.4%, secondary industry 30.1%, tertiary industry 38.5%. If China continues its economic growth in the future, it is expected that the tertiary industry's working population will increase as in Japan.
■ Unemployment rateAccording to official Chinese statistics the unemployment rate in 2014 is 4.1%. In Japan, as we calculate the unemployment rate only for those who are registered as job seekers in Hello Work, we also need to be careful as China is also a nominal figure calculated for registered unemployed only in China. In fact, many migrant workers with rural family register do not register, and the unemployment rate in China is said to be about twice the number officially announced.
■ Points to remember in ChinaBefore recruiting local staff in China, it is important to note that in the area such as Tianjin City, it is necessary to notify the administration when starting recruitment. Although there is no penalty provision for failing to report, it is better to have reported beforehand in order to establish a good relationship with local administration.When actually hiring local staff, check the city register or rural family register, hometown, academic background, employment history and so on. In the case of China, since respiratory fraudulence is so numerous, it is necessary to submit identification card and certificate of graduation of university. Also, because there are many counterfeits of identification cards, it is desirable to check with institutions that are looking for identities for a fee. You can check with the identity network (http://www.id5.cn/) etc of Beijing National Government Network Tangled Science Technology Co., Ltd.In order to adopt talented personnel in China, it is important not only to clarify the working conditions but also to clarify the vision of the company and the idea of how the activities in the company contribute to the Chinese society It is important to explain to. Specifically, it is required to appoint Chinese people to important posts, to establish clear career paths such as personnel system and wage system that emphasize impartiality. In China, it sometimes is said "There is a ceiling invisible to Japanese companies". It represents the distrust of Japanese people who have been transferred from Japan to become executives without failing to be promoted to executives no matter how hard the local Chinese worked. For excellent Chinese people, regardless of nationality, by appointing to executives as executives can make the future feel possible and make it a company that is attractive to Chinese. -
wage
■ Wages by Industry, OccupationThe average monthly salary in China is as follows. The wage level of the workers in the manufacturing industry is 3,208 yuan per month, and the manager of the nonmanufacturing industry is 14,405 yuan per month, which shows that the disparity in wages according to the position is bigger than in Japan. Also wage increase is a problem, but the wage in China is low level. Each local government has been raising the minimum wage in 2015, and it is expected that wage increases in China will continue in the future.
■ Comparison of average wages in neighboring countriesWhen comparing Shanghai's average basic monthly salary with neighboring countries, it is higher than Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam, but it is lower than Taiwan (Taipei), Korea etc. However, the wages of nonmanufacturers and managers are quite high even though they do not reach Taiwan and South Korea. Since wages are expected to rise further in the future, many foreign companies are paying attention to the China market with a population of 1.3 billion. If you are expanding as a production base, you may have the option of relocating the factory to other Asian regions in search of cheaper labor. China is attracting attention as a market linked with future wage increases.
■ Transition of wage system in ChinaChina, a socialist state, held a uniform wage system from 1952 to 1978 until reform and opening up took place. Wages were determined by regional and occupational types by the grade wage system, and wages were determined according to the hierarchy in the job category by the job grade wage system. By building a unified wage system for state-owned enterprises, the government managed the wage total, aimed at managing reasonable labor and guaranteeing the lives of Chinese citizens.However, when wages were to be paid on average, workers' willingness to produce declined, which was a factor in hampering economic development. As China 's finances became a deficit in 1975, the unification of the wage system became wanted. From around 1978 the review of wage system began, and the payment system and incentive system were accepted. In 1985, a wage system was created in which corporate performance and wages were linked, and the wage system gradually changed.Currently in China, companies other than state-owned enterprises can freely set wages if they keep the minimum wage. It is important how to build a wage system among them. In China, it is common to show payroll details in the company, and furthermore, check the amount of salary of those engaged in the same industry in the neighborhood, and for reasons that "salary is cheap while doing the same work" It is not uncommon to be asked for a wage increase. In response to these demands, companies must have reasonable reasons for salary levels. If you can not answer clearly to workers, workers may be dissatisfied and change jobs. Furthermore, it may develop into a labor dispute, which may result in a large loss of the company.When entering China, it is required to build a system that makes everyone's satisfying personnel evaluation criteria and not to complain about the workers. As a specific countermeasure to payroll negotiations and labor disputes, it is important to first create clear rules on salaries and evaluations and make them known inside the company.Along with the remarkable rise in wages, it is necessary to constantly be aware of the wage level of workers currently employed and the wage levels of newly hired workers to build a wage system. In hiring a worker with a lower capability than a currently employed worker with a competent ability, it is possible that the employee can not hire unless he / she presents a higher level of wages than the currently employed workers That is why. If such reversal of salary occurs, there is a risk that a skilled worker is dissatisfied with the evaluation from the company and retires.Because China is a country with a vast country land, the economic situation and wage level will vary depending on the region. When enterprises enter China, it is necessary to pay attention to regional economic conditions and wage levels.
Specifically, the population of cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, which are the core cities of the three coastal economic zones, accounts for 4% of the total population, and the population of inland small and medium cities (concentrated in central and western areas) It accounts for 68% of the total population. Comparing the per capita GDP of this coastal area and the inland area, workers in the coastal area will be more than five times that of inland workers.In 2020, the ultra wealthy people (annual disposable income is more than 300 thousand RMB, 4.8 million yen in Japanese yen, converted at 16 Yen in one yen) reaches 12 million households, of which 11.3 million households will concentrate on coastal areas It is expected. In this way the wage gap in China is clear. In China, 'prestigious theory' was being cast from 1978 to 1985. That is the policy of Deng Xiaoping at the time, "Enrich from those who can become affluent earlier", indeed China grew markedly due to the theory of wealth last. However, now the difference in rich and poor in China is a problem, and it is increasing that it is advocated that redistribution of wealth is necessary. -
Union
There is an organization called "Council" in China as a labor union organization. The Chinese labor union is an underlining executive organization of the Communist Party of China and it is influenced by the policy of the central party. Although the party does not participate directly in corporate decision making, etc., we do corporate governance through the assembly. The chairman is operated based on the China Council Law, characterized by a vertical division organization with the Chinese Communist Party as its lead, and the terminal organization is an internal association. There is no distinction between managerial side and labor side, and it is regarded as a profit community which mainly promotes welfare benefits and has the role of labor-management conflict prevention. In the event of labor disputes, the Council is supposed to play a role as a problem solving institution, but in reality it has become a moratorium and activities for welfare of employees are mostly.
Formation of labor unionIn China, all the people involved in labor are expected to belong to the workshop from the idea that all the people are workers, and corporate management teams are also required to be members of the workers. According to the Industrial Law enforced in 1992, "We can establish a labor union committee if there are more than 25 union members in companies, businesses and state organizations". However, even if it is less than 25 people, two or more enterprises can associate, or one organization member can be selected to organize members to develop the activities of the organization, so even theoretically one company employee can do the work It can be established.Companies must pay 2% of the total salary of the employees monthly to the church, and the subscribers of the industries pays 0.5% of their salaries monthly as an assembly expenses.
■ Number of labor unionsAccording to the statistics up to 2013, the number of foundation organizations that join the national assembly has reached 2.767 million, with 287 million members and an average of more than 10 million people each year in recent years. The union of trade unions of private small and medium enterprises has 69,041 associations, and the regional and industrial association has about 107,000 societies. -
Labor dispute
■IssueLabor Contract Law, arbitration fee free of charge, labor disputes sharply increased since 2008, due to reasons such as the absence of reflection on workers despite the fact that some industries have increased revenue due to economic stimulus measures did.In September 2010, it indicated that the scope of labor disputes accepted by the Supreme People's Court of China is to be expanded, and even if it is not a company directly hiring workers, companies that are in equity relationship may also be treated as parties It was. As a result, companies are more likely to become defendants.
■ Solving labor disputesThe resolution procedure of labor dispute is as follows.
① Settlement consultation② Mediation (Arrangement Organization of Council etc)③ Mediation (labor intermediary committee)④ Judgment by the Labor Arbitration Committee⑤ Charged to People's Court
The settlement consultation can be established in employment units (organizations in China, private economic organizations, private non-enterprise units, etc.) by adding parties, associations and third parties.If the settlement consultation is not successful, we will move on to mediation. Conciliation is done by mediation organizations such as in-house and regional societies, and the mediation decision will be effective with a signature by mutual agreement between the parties. In case of a failure, mediation will be done by applying for arbitration to the Labor Arbitration Committee.If the above arbitration also fails, the Labor Arbitration Committee will decide upon taking the facts into account. If you are dissatisfied with this ruling, you can file a suit against the People's Court.Although the procedure is as described above, the arbitration organization of labor dispute first recommends establishing a labor dispute mediation committee within the company. Normally, the chief of the company will be appointed chairman of the labor dispute mediation committee and mediate the opinions of the worker side and the company side. However, the actual situation does not work well, and there are many cases in which companies set new labor dispute resolution teams to solve problems.
In case of encountering labor dispute, we set up labor dispute resolution team within company. In that case, it is desirable to add local people who have experienced labor dispute resolution, such as lawyers and interpreters, to the team.
■ StrikeWhenever a strike is held, there should be a central figure who instigates workers to strike. Some masterminds led the strike by using people in the shade. In order to resolve labor dispute at an early stage, it is necessary to discuss directly with the mastermind's request. If it takes time to identify the mastermind, the resumption of the project will be delayed by that amount, so we will respond to requests for trustworthy Chinese workers to identify the mastermind.In addition, we will decide the solution of the strike with the management team and report to the government agencies, local labor unions and the solution to gain understanding. After that, we have a place to talk about mastery of strikes about working conditions and so on and converge the strike through agreement. At the same time, it is also important to build prevention measures so that similar problems will not occur in the future. -
Labor disputes frequently occurring areas
Looking at the situation of labor dispute occurrence by region, it occurs frequently in coastal areas, especially South China. By the enforcement of the 2008 Labor Contract Law, the number of cases of disputes sharply increased from 350 thousand in 2007 to 700 thousand in 2008.The main reasons for the increase in labor disputes are improvement of workers' rights awareness and protection of workersStrengthening of workers' self-interests, growing desire to pursue self-interests of workers, and increasing number of people with dissatisfaction with wage disparity.In recent years, due to the spread of the Internet, it became easier to exchange information with other workers, recognizing the difference in wage levels among the same type of business, and calling for demonstrations and strikes by using SNS also increasing.
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