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1 Chapter Basic knowledge
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Basic knowledge
■ Formal Country ➡ Pakistan / Islamic RepublicEnglish name: IslamicRepublicofPakistanUrdu:یمالساہیروہمجکاپناتس
"Pakistan" means "a clean country" in Persian. It is also said to originate from the five major regions and Muslim states that make up Pakistan called Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Islamic, Sind, Balochistan .In English-speaking countries etc., the word "paki" is sometimes used as a derogatory term, so you should avoid abbreviating the country name and calling it "paki".
National flagThe flag of Pakistan is a flag whose white crescent and star was designed in the green area. Originally designed in 1906, it was officially enacted at the time of independence in 1947. Green is a color symbolizing Islam, white indicates the existence of minorities other than Muslims, crescent moon indicates progress, star shows light and knowledge.
■ Area · Country ➡ 796,096 ㎢ (about 2.1 times the size of Japan)In the north there are the Karakoram Mountain Range and Hindukishi Mountain Range, also known as the world's roof, with high altitude mountains such as K2 (altitude 8,611 m) and Nanga / Parbat (altitude 8,126 m). In the Afghanistan side the Kaibaru Pass, the Indian side border the Tar Desert, and the south the Kachi Great Plains spread. From the north to the Arabian Sea, the Indus River flows so as to traverse the national land.
■ Capital ➡ IslamabadEnglish: Islamabad Urdu: مالسادابآThe population of Islamabad is about 14,790,000 people (2014), and the population of the urban area is about 69.87 million (2 0 14 years).■ Climate ➡ temperate summer rain climate, step climate, desert climateThe climate of Pakistan is roughly divided into three: the temperate summer rain climate in the northern mountainous region, the step climate in the north, and the desert climate in the south. There are four seasons, three to May in spring, June to September in summer, October to November in autumn, and from December to February in winter. Annual rainfall is as low as 250 ~ 1,250 mm, but most is brought about by the southwestern monsoon breeze blowing at the end of summer, flood damage has occurred many times due to the effects of concentrated torrential rainfall.
■ Time difference ➡ - 4 hours (UTC: + 5: 00)Pakistan is four hours later than Japan. In other words, when Japan is at noon, it is 8 am in Pakistan. Daylight saving time is not introduced.
■ Population ➡ 191.1 million (estimated in 2014)The population proportion of each race is the highest at 45% for Punjabians, then 15% for Pashtun and 14% Sindh.
■ Language ➡ Urdu (national language), English (official language)Population proportion by language is 48% in Punjabi, 12% in Sindhi, 10% in Saraik, 8% in Pashto, 8% in Urdu, 3% in Barrochi, 2% in Hindko and 1% in Burafui and 8% in others It is getting.Urdu is regulated as a national language, but as mentioned above, only 8% of Pakistani people speak Urdu as their mother tongue. Therefore, official language English is used in official documents and most ministries and agencies.
■ Currency ➡ Pakistan RupeeThe types of coins are 5 Pisa, 10 Pisa, 25 Pisa, 50 Pasa, 1 Rupee, 2 Rupees, 5 Rupees, Banknotes are Rupees 5, Rs 10, Rs 20, Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 500, Rs 1,000, There are types such as 5,000 rupees, but Paisa is currently almost out of circulation. The exchange rate is 1 PKR = about 1.16 yen as of November 2015.
■ Religion ➡ MuslimThe population proportion is 95% of Islam (75% of Sunni group, 20% of Shi'a group) and 5% (including Christianity and Hinduism) of other.Freedom of religion is not guaranteed, such as withdrawal from Islam, marriage between Muslim women and non-Muslim men, and blasphemy against Islam and Muhammad, etc. are prohibited by laws and regulations, religious discrimination There still exist. Also, you will receive censorship on foreign religious books and the Internet.■ Main history of Pakistan1947 Independence from British India, First Primary Mark War1948 "founding father" Jinna died1952 Nippon Diplomatic Foundation established1956 promulgated and enforced the "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" (parliamentary cabinet system)A coup d'etat by General Army Ayub Khan in 1958. Ayubu Khan Army general, inaugurated as President1962 Pakistan Republic Constitution (Presidential System) promulgated and enforced1965 Second India war war1969 President Ayub resigned, Yahya Army chief of staff, appointed presidentFirst election held in 1970In 1971, the Third Printing War Paper (East Pakistan Is Independent as Bangladesh), Inaugurated Z.A.But People's Party (PPP) President1973 Promotion and enforcement of the "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" (parliamentary cabinet system), appointed Prime Minister of Z · A · BhuttoExecution of the general election in 1977, Coup by Hack Army chief of staff1978 Hack Army Chief of Staff, appointed PresidentPresident Huck started 1979 "Islamicization policy"1985 general election held, appointment of Prime Minister Genezo, 'Constitution's 8th amendment' was establishedPresident Huck dismissed Prime Minister Hack, dismissed Prime Minister Genezo, President Huck, died of a crash accident on a military flight attendant, appointed President G. I. Khan, took over as general president, elected general election, assumed Prime Minister B. Butt administration)President G. I · Kahn in 1990, dismissed Prime Minister B · Butt, implemented general elections, assumed Prime Minister Sharif (First Prime Sharif)1993 President G · I · Khan dismissed Prime Minister Sharif, implemented the general election, assumed Prime Minister B. Butt became the second Prime Minister of BhuttoPresident Regare in 1996, dismissed Prime Minister B. ButtExecution of the general election in 1997, Prime Minister Sharif took office (second Sharif regime)"Constitution's thirteenth amendment" was established1998 Pakistan Nuclear Test1999 Kargil conflict. Coup by Musharraf Army General Chiefs of Staff, Musharraf Army Chief of Staff, appointed Chief Administrator2002 general election heldExecution of the 2007 presidential election, President Musharraf re-election, emergency declaration issuance2008 general election implementation, Gilani cabinet launch, President Musharraf resigning, inaugurated President Zardari2009 Ministerial Meeting of Friends of Pakistan and Organization of Supporting Countries MeetingHosting the Pakistan Donor Country SummitJICA and Pakistan Government announced an ODA loan agreement of ¥ 5 billion for large-scale flood disasters in 2010Pakistan minister assassination case in 2011Convicted in 2012 Gilani's prime minister for the first court contempt after foundingGilani's resignation, President Musharraf's re-election2013 Great Pakistan EarthquakeArrested Musharraf's entire president under treason treasonMamounne · Hussein assumed inauguration (Pakistan · Muslim Federation Nawaz · Sharif)School raid incident by the Taliban in 2014Marara Yusufuzai Mr. Nobel Peace Prize Winner2015 Norway-Philippine ambassador attack incident in 2015■ Political System ➡ Federal RepublicHead of state: President Ashir Ali ZardariDiet: Bicameral systemThe Senate has a capacity of 100, a term of 6 yearsThe House of Representatives has a capacity of 342 people, a term of 5 yearsThe main political parties are the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the Nawaz School (PML-N) of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), the Kaide-Azam School (PML-Q: Quaid-e-Azam Muttahida Majris-i-Amal), the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), the Musical Instruments Movement (MMA), the Musical Instruments Movement (MML), the Junior Joe School (PML-J), the Functional School (PML-F or Pagaroism) It is the Awami National Party (ANP).
■ Political / economic trendsSince the independence of Pakistan government has been through the parent rail since independence, but since the president Musharraf (then), who was a flag of the parent school, resigned in 2008, its parent rice line has been reviewed recently. In addition, there are moves to deepen relations with China, and a change in foreign policy is a glimpse.In terms of economy, in addition to the weakness of traditional economic infrastructure, we have suffered from domestic political conflicts and low foreign investment. Despite this situation, despite the fact that infrastructure such as a serious power shortage has not yet been established, between 2004 and 2007, GDP growth rate in the range of 5 to 8% has been achieved and worldwide attention I gathered. However, due to changes in the international environment, the growth rate slowed during the 2008 - 2009 year, and the unemployment rate also rose. After that it is regaining stability, and now it is growing 3-4%. On the political side, however, assassination and confinement of terrorism and cabinet members continue from 2010 onwards, and in 2013 many issues remain, such as the rejection of state treasure against the current Prime Minister Zarari. In 2014, Mr. Marala Yusufuzai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, but in 2015 terrorism continues, including Norwegian and Philippine ambassadors being killed.
■ Number of Japanese residing in Japan861 (Statistics by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of 2010)
■ Politics of Pakistan[Internal affairs]Pakistan's domestic politics is traditionally known for its strength in the military. The coup d'etat has been repeated since independence, and the stable regime has not been maintained. It is a repetition of the phenomenon that it temporarily stabilized by dictatorship after coup d'etat, stabilized instantaneously with democratization, and eventually a coup occurred. Excellent talent in Pakistan tends to choose the military in the direction of career, the reliability to the democratic regime is not so high compared to the military regime. The confrontation between political parties is intense, and participation and withdrawal from the coalition government will be repeated.In the May general election in May 2013, the PML party, the leader of Nawaz Sharif, occupied a majority (190 seats out of 342 seats) by itself, and decided to hold the administration for the first time in about 14 years. And in September 2013 after that election, Mamounne Hussein is taking office as president. The regime is promoting the improvement of electricity supply and privatization of state enterprises in the country, strongly pushing out eradication of terror as a foreign policy, and is searching for restoration of relations with India and the United States.
Since the security situation worsened seriously since 2007, the number of terrorist attacks has remained at a high level and in 2000 the death toll from terrorism became the worst of 11,04 in the past. Although it decreased thereafter, in FY 2011, more than 5,000 deaths have been issued.Terrorist attacks targeting security officials in Pakistan such as Pakistan-Taliban Movement (TTP), such as Pakistan-Taliban Movement (TTP) and other security officials in Karachi city and others, and terrorism aimed at foreigners are occurring frequently in Pakistan, The number is over 1,500 annually.Especially since 2007, military sweeping operations against these forces, mainly in the northwestern part, have been implemented, retaliation and terrorism are intensifying, and in June 2014 TTP will be transferred to foreign investors and multinational companies We have issued a warning statement to stop and withdraw from commercial activities in Pakistan.The trend of the number of deaths due to terrorism since 2009 is as follows. The number of deceased people is decreasing. However, terrorism against government officials, ambassadors, and children is continuing.
[Relations with foreign countries]Relations with JapanThe relationship with Japan, in particular because there was no history of conflicts, was generally good since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1952. Pakistan's nuclear test showed that there was a time when grant aid was temporarily suspended but President Musharraf came to Japan in 2002 and then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi became Japan's prime minister in April 2005 for the first time in five years When I visited Pakistan, financial assistance resumed.However, looking at the trend of companies, the investment amount from Japan is only a small amount for economic scale. This is probably due to the fact that in addition to traditional unstable politics and inflationary economy, corporations can not step forward as security deterioration in recent years.
Relations to IndiaBoth Pakistan and India both underwent colonial rule from the UK, and at the time of independence in 1945, the present India and Pakistan were one India and the same India. However, Muslims are mostly Pakistan and Hindus are not able to resolve the conflict by the vast majority of India, and in 1947 Pakistan will separate in the form of independent separation.Although Gandhi worked hard to fill the gap between the two countries, it was assassinated on the grounds that the Hindus' extreme right young man is "a traitor who has Muslim shoulder."
In November 2011, Markpa relationship showed great progress. The Government of Pakistan decided to grant MFN treatment to India. Despite persistent opposition in Pakistan, it seems that priority was given to economic recovery by expanding trade with India, where economic growth is remarkable.Potential trade value is said to be more than US $ 10 billion, and India has the potential to become a huge export partner. For local Japanese companies, it will also affect South Asia strategy.
Relations with the USAs mentioned earlier, while the parent railway line was being revised by President Musharraf's resignation, the relationship between America and Pakistan became more chilly due to the killing of bin Laden.In Pakistan domestically, it is a US infringement of sovereignty against Pakistan that the United States did a military operation without prior notice, strengthening distrust of the fact that the Pakistani erupted in succession by the US military.Even in the United States, allegations arise that Pakistan is conspiring with Al Qaeda from the fact that Bin Laden was hiding in Pakistan.On the other hand, economic ties are still strong, and since the September 11 terrorist attacks in Pakistan, Pakistan has gained huge support from the United States and its amount reaches as much as US $ 20 billion in total.Recently, it is rapidly approaching China, showing a movement to check the United States, but the possibility that the relationship between Pakistan and the US will suddenly get cold is considered to be low. For Pakistan, the massive aid of the United States is an important source of funds, and for the United States, it is essential for the United States to secure influence and cooperate in the Afghanistan policy. In fact, Clinton 's Secretary of State in the United States visited Pakistan and agreed to restore the cold relationship by talks with President Zardari and others, and we are beginning to show the movement to restore relations.
[Relations with China]The Chunpa relationship begins with the mutual visit of the prime ministers of both countries in 1956. Originally we had a friendly relationship but we are in a state of cooling as a result of having joined the Manila Treaty led by the United States and taking a parent railway line with the United States to sign a "joint defense agreement". did.However, in the 1960 's, relationships changed completely as a result of border disputes between India and India. It is because America supported India. With this, Pakistan will deepen its relationship with the former Soviet Union and China. He showed support for China's return to the United Nations and permanent membership of the Security Council and played a role as an intermediary between China and Islamic countries.Even after entering the 2000s, the two countries have maintained close ties. In particular, China consulted on the establishment of a Chinese naval base in Pakistan and agreed to supply more than 50 F-17 fighter planes from China to Pakistan and China is the largest military supplier for Pakistan It is getting.Also, in terms of economic ties, investment of 30 million yuan for flood damage in Pakistan was carried out in September 2011, and investment from China is being activated in the Pakistan controlled area of the Kashmir region. The relationship with China that is said to be "all-weather friendly relations" is indispensable for the future development of Pakistan.
■ Religion in PakistanPakistan is dangerous that Muslims are violating their own interests against Hindus when India is independent from the UK, and has been more independent than India. For that reason Islam color has been very strong since the beginning of the founding of the country, and the president is also selected from Muslims in the generations.This is not an unwritten law as a foreign country like a foreign country, it is stipulated by the explicit provision, and its discrimination provision still exists. There are also laws prohibiting criticism of Islam, Koran, Muhammad, and laws prohibiting marriage of Islamic women and non-Islamic men. It sometimes happens that the death sentence will be declared as insulting Islam.Thus, in talking about the country Pakistan it is impossible to avoid discrimination against Islamic monopolistic systems and other religions. Regardless of the theoretical pros and cons of this religious inequality, understanding Muslims is indispensable when working in Pakistan.Also in Islam there is a confrontation between Sunni and Shi'a, sometimes crash and casualties that will result in casualties and terrorism also occur, so we can not approach places where religious events are held or places where unspecified people gather We need self-defense measures such as.
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