India

2 Chapter Basic Knowledge

    • Fundamental Knowledge

       ■    Formal name: Republic of India

      English name: Republic of India

       
      National flag

       
       
       
      Saffron color and white, green are three colors. Safran color is courage and sacrifice, white is truth and peace, green is earth and faithfulness, and the central Falun is symbolic of an ancient civilization.
      Gandhi aiming at independence from the British rule is based on the design of the flag used as a symbol of the independence movement. The central Falun is a spinning gear initially used for "spinning motion" during independent movement. Since British rule, cotton products of mass-produced by British UK machinery became to circulate in India, as the silkworm culture by the spinning machine of Indian ancient declined, Gandhi fought a religious struggle and put the wish to win independence by spinning the thread beyond everyone.

      ■ Area of land
      3,287,469 ㎢ (about 8.8 times the size of Japan)
      The land area of India (including territorial waters) is 3,287,469 and boasts the 7th largest in the world. This is equivalent to about one-third of China, about 8.8 times of Japan. Most of the land is on the South Asian peninsula protruding in the Indian Ocean, with the southwest in the Arabian Sea, the south-east in the Bengal Bay, with a 7,000 km coastline.
      Borders with Pakistan in the northwest, China, Bhutan, Nepal in the north, Myanmar in the eastern part and Bangladesh in the east region. Also, we have territorial waters with Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Indonesia. 

      ■ Capital City: Delhi

      Currently, in the case of Delhi, it is common to represent the administrative district called the National Capital Territory of Delhi, referring to a large area including New Delhi and the new urban area spread around Old Delhi and its surroundings. India is divided into this Delhi capital area, 28 states, and six federal jurisdictions. Delhi is a capital city located in the northern part of India, with a population of 257 million (as of 2017, from the 2017 year's yearbook). It is a hub of traffic that passes from Central Asia to South Asia. New Delhi is characterized by large roads and cityscapes organized in order. Old Delhi, on the other hand, is located on the east side of New Delhi and the city is not very well maintained, and there is a chaotic atmosphere.

       

      ■ Climate

      Kashmir in the northernmost part of India is the same latitude as Kyushu in Japan, the southernmost town of Kanyakumari corresponds to 8 degrees North latitude. The majority of the country has many "hot" places in the sense of Japan, but the climate of India, which is vast and has a variety of topographies, has a desert climate in the western part as well as an altitude tundra glacier-climate in the north, Wet tropical climate in the southwest, etc. Seasons are generally divided into winter season (January - February), summer season (March-May), monsoon (June - September), and dry season (October - December) depending on the location.

       

      Delhi (North Indian Plain)

      The easier to spend is the dry season with many beautiful kinds of weather from November to March. The end of March and the end of May exceed 40 degrees, humidity rises in the rainy season from the end of July to August, and unpleasant days continue.

       

      Mumbai (West Coast Area)

      It is hot and humid throughout the year; the temperature is around 30 degrees. It is affected by the monsoon from June to September in the region with the most rain. It can be said that the dry season from November to February is somewhat easier to spend.

       

      Bangalore (South Deccan Plateau)

      Although it will exceed 30 degrees from March to May, it has a cold and refreshing climate throughout the year and can be said to be the most comfortable area in India.

       

      Chennai (East Coast Area)

      It is a hot and humid area throughout the year. The temperature from April to June will be close to 40 degrees, and humid days will continue. Temperatures are somewhat lowered from July to September, and from October to December in the rainy season, the temperature falls below 30 degrees, making it easier to stay outdated.

       

      Kolkata (Eastern Ganges River Basin)

      The temperature from April to May is 30 degrees, but it is damp. It rains the most from June to September, the winter dry season from November to February, the temperature is in the 20-degree range.

      Temperature also drops, and rainfall is too low. It can be said that November to February is easy to spend.

       

      ■ Population: Approximately 1,281.93 million (as of July 2017)

      As of July 2017, the people of India is about 1,266.86 million people (from the American Central Intelligence Agency "The World Fact Book") and is the second largest population in the world. The population constitution is a typical developing country type pyramid type, and the average age of Japan is 46.1 years, India is 27 years, and we can say that the proportion of young people is higher than that of China's average age of 36.7 years. The population growth rate is as high as 1.2%, by 2022 the population of India reaches approximately 1.4 billion, it is at the same level as China, then it will be about 1.5 billion by 2030 and about 1.7 billion by the year 50. It is thought that it will reach the world's No. 1 most massive population power overtake China.

      【Population of major cities】

       

       
       ※ Delhi is divided into New Delhi and Old Delhi. In New Delhi, there is the New Delhi Administrative Region with the capital area function of the Commonwealth.

       

                                                        [India’s population pyramid (2016)]

       

                                               【China's population pyramid (2016)】

      　　　　　　　　　　　　　【The population pyramid of Japan (2016)】

       

       Source: U.S. Census Bureau, InternationalDataBase2016 Year

      ■ Time difference with Japan: -3 hours 30 minutes
       The time difference with Japan is -3 hours 30 minutes (UTC: +5:30), when Japan is noon it is 8:30 AM in India. India does not have daylight saving time.
       
      ■ Language
      Hindi is the official federal language, and English is the official language.
      India, one of the four great civilizations in the world, the birthplace of the Indus civilization, has repeatedly experienced invasion and reign of various ethnic groups such as Aryans, Islamic nationals, Mongolians, etc. in a long history of 5000 years. Therefore, it is a multi-ethnic country, and various languages are used.
      About 40% of the population is the mother tongue of Hindi, which is the official federal language. The language used is more than 30, it is said that adding dialects has around 2,000 words. There are more than 90 million English speakers of Indian English in semi-official languages, and it is assumed that Indian English ability in Asian countries is highest in Asian countries. College classes are done in English, communication in English is standard in Indian people, even in Indian people when crossing the state in the business scene in India. Also, Indian English speakers feel that "Indian accent" is strong, and even if you are accustomed to American English or British English, you will find it hard to hear.
       
      ■ Currency
      The currency used is Indian Rupee (Rupee · Rs).
      1.64 yen/rupee (As of March 1, 2018, / Yahoo! Finance)
      The exchange rate system has a completely floating exchange rate system. The sign of the Rupee which was not clarified until now was decided in July 2010.
      Although the unit under the rupee is Paisa (100 Paisa = 1 Rupee), even though India is cheap, there is little interaction in this unit, and Paisa is mostly rounded up to a good Rupee.
      100,000 rupees are called one Rack (Lakh), 100 racks are called one crow (Crore). Although it is a comma position, it is 1,00,000 (1 Lakh), 1,00,00,000 (1 Crest) in India to consider this Rack, claw as a standard, and it is different from the common comma position in Japan. There is a possibility that it becomes somewhat confused before you are unfamiliar.

       

      [The Chart of Indian Rupees and Japanese Yen]

       

       
      Source: QUICK Corporation

    • Indian Religions and Caste System

      ■ Indian Religions

      It is said that Hindu occupies over 80% of the population of India, and it is supposed to be a country with an intense religious color such as the caste system.

       

       

                             【Percentage of each religion】

       
      Generally Hindu is mainly vegetarian, beef, alcohol is forbidden. Muslims forbade pork and alcohol, while Christianity has no restrictions on food. Men rolling a turban on appearance are Sikhs, and women wearing Sally are Hindus. Muslims and Sikh women are wearing Punjabi dress and Burqa to avoid exposure of the skin.
      In recent years, along with modernization and Westernization, the values for religion have become more diverse, and communities have developed beyond religious frameworks.

    • Political System and History of India

      Government Federal Republic
      Headquarters Lam Nat Covenant (assuming office on July 25, 2018)
      Government Prime Minister Narendra Modi (assumed to be May 26, 2014)
      Foreign Minister Suhuma · Swaraj
       
      The head of state is the president, and the term of office is five years. The president will appoint the prime minister.
      As a characteristic of Indian political system, British Parliamentary Cabinet system, Republic system, Federal system was mentioned, and since independence, we maintain the parliamentary democracy.
      Parliament is a bicameral system (245 in the Senate, 545 in the House of Representatives), like the rest of the world, the House of Parliament, composed of members elected by direct elections, has an advantage over the Senate.
      In the 16th House of Representatives general election held from April to May 2014, the Indian People's Party (BJP) exceeded a single majority, the Indian People's Party (BJP) regime was inaugurated.
       
      ■ History of India (1947 - Present day)
      1947 - Independence from the UK
      On August 15, 1947, India, with separation from Pakistan, became independent from British colonial rule. It has taken over the parliamentary democracy as a positive heritage from the UK and is now the largest parliamentary democracy in the world.
       
      1947 - 1964 - The Nehru regime
      A national congress who played a significant role in the independence movement, Jawaharlal Nehru, who instructed the independence movement with Mahatma Gandhi, took office as the prime minister of the first Indian. Prime Minister Nehru strictly restricted foreign capital and imports, launched a socialist economic development policy, aimed at a controlled economy. It is a so-called mixed financial system, which decided the foundation of the Indian economy after that.
      Under the mixed economic system, heavy industries and large industries are emphasized, public institutions actively participate in economic development, and we will develop import substitution industrialization policy. At the same time, the activities of private enterprises are restricted, and by the enactment of laws and regulations, it is obliged to acquire industrial licenses for entering the industry.
      The Indian ruling National Council faction led by Prime Minister Nehru, as a one-party dominant party system, showed overwhelming power until the mid-1960s, the policy he launched during his tenure was successful, and the Indian economy is about 4% per year It has been going smoothly with growth.
      In 1964, after the death of Prime Minister Nehru, his daughter Indira ran for politicians from the National Council as well as his father and became a Diet member. She became prime minister in 1966 after being a minister.
      Prime Minister Indira Gandhi strengthened Prime Minister Nehru's socialist routes. Public enterprises have extended to service departments such as banks and insurance, and the industrial licensing system has also been expanded. Economic control was also strengthened in trade, finance, distribution, and price.
      Indira Gandhi's dominant way of prime minister's opposition from the party also occurred, and in 1969 the National Assembly split into Indira Gandhi and the Presbyterian. Economic policy will also become a stalemate, and the anti-government movement will rise. In 1975, Indira Gandhi issued an emergency declaration to suppress such anti-government movements.
      Such excessive control could not get the support of the people, the general election in March 1977 defeated the National Council faction, and the administration changed to the Janata Party which the four opposition parties jointly formed.
       
       
       
      1980's - Politics to become confused
      The new administration will launch income tax incentives and small-scale industrial incentives, but the socialist control economic route has not changed.
      After that, both the Janata Party and the National Congress Party split, and in the 1980s we entered a multiparty era.
      Under such circumstances, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984 although returning to Prime Minister in 1980, Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandy succeeded.
      Rajiv increased public investment and deregulated the private sector, and in the late 1980s GDP growth rate averaged over 5%.
      However, the Indian economy, which is based on socialist economic policy, will start to show its deadlock due to the chronic trade deficit and huge fiscal deficit.
      It is the Indian People's Party that the National Assembly faction lost its centripetal force and revealed a prominence. The Indian People's Party, which is a party separated from the Janata party, received the support of the people dissatisfied with politicians' corruption as it honored the Hindu supremacy and respect for discipline, and supported supporters among urban middle classes gather.
      By the political scandal of Rajiv Gandhi in the 1989 general election, the National Council faction will be defeated. From the National Front (political party), V · P · Shin is appointed as prime minister, but after less than a year of inauguration, the cabinet resigned, Chandra Shekar from the following Janata Dal (political party) took office as prime minister, However, in just four months I got a total resignation. The Gulf war broke out in January 1991, triggered by the invasion of Iraq into Kuwait while the general election was held again in May 1991, as the import price of crude oil rose, exports declined, Middle East Indian migrant workers It caused a decrease in remittances from workers and came into a balance of payment crisis that India's foreign exchange reserves in January 1991 declined to Rs. 14 billion equivalent to 2 weeks of import settlement.
       
      1991 - the beginning of the line of economic liberalization
      In May 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated, and from the people's sympathy vote the National Congress Party again took over the administration, and Narashima Lao became prime minister. Mr. Manmohan Singh who later became prime minister was appointed Minister of Finance at that time.
      The government survived this crisis by receiving emergency loans from the IMF, and from the mixed economic system including the socialist planned economy, the economic liberalization route incorporating deregulation, abolishment of the exchange rate, reduction of the exchange rate, liberalization of trade, introduction of foreign currency. The policy aimed at stabilizing the macroeconomy has come to be aimed at.
       
      1990's - the coalition government
      In the 1990 's, political party politics in India began to multiparty and began to enter the age of the coalition government.
      In the 1996 general election, the Rao administration failed to gain public support from the fact that the benefits of economic reform were biased towards some wealthy people, the economic disparity was expanding, and the administration was from the National Congress Party Indian People's Party I moved to.
      Vajpayee, the founder of Indian People's Party, will become the prime minister, but failed to gain confidence, was forced to resign, the Unified Front increased the cooperation of the Council of the Cabinet, and in June 1996 the Governor of Gouda was established did.
      Later, in 1997 the Gouda regime resigned in response to the elimination of the support of the National Congress Party, the Gujarat regime was launched from the Unified Front, but collapsed without the cooperation of the National Congress Party.
      The coalition government centered on the Indian People's Party in 1998 became the first party, the government held, and the Vajpayee coalition government was born. This coalition government consisting of more than 20 political parties is called the "National Democratic Republic."
      Although the Indian People's Party carried out nuclear tests, etc., it proactively promoted the IT industry and introduced foreign capital actively, succeeded in putting the high growth of Indian real economic growth rate over 7% on track. However, due to the expansion of economic disparity, we were unable to gain support from many farmers and the poor, lost a significant defeat in the May 2004 election, and the National Congress Party returned to the regime for the first time in 8 years.
       
      2004 - The birth of Shin regime
      In May 2004, Mr. Manmohan Singh who served as the finance minister in the Lao administration era which took the course of economic liberalization took office as Prime Minister and further promoted the path of economic liberalization.
       
      2009 - Re-appointment of Prime Minister Singh
      The ruling coalition led by people of the National Congress won the House of Representatives election in May 2009, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was reappointed.
       
      October 2010 - Formal agreement to conclude Japan-India Economic Partnership Agreement
      About 90% of Japanese export goods (such as automotive parts, steel, DVD players, etc.) in 10 years after the entry into force of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), India's exports (industrial goods, curry, tea, etc.) We are striving to gradually abolish tariffs of about 97%, aiming to revitalize the economy. However, completed cars exported by Japan, rice, wheat, beef, etc. shipped by India are not subject to tariff elimination.
       
      March 2012 - State parliamentary election
      Legislative elections were held from January to March 2012 in five provinces: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Manipur, and Goa. Among them, the state of Uttar Pradesh had the largest population in India, so it was thought that it would significantly influence future politics but due to corruption cases and prolonged inflation, the ruling party first party, the National Congress Party, is sluggish, the result, Socialist Party won power in three provinces including the state.
       
      April 2012 - 4th BRICS Summit
      The 4th BRICS Summit, consisting of five emerging countries in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, was held for the first time in India. At the conference, an agreement was made to promote the use of regional currencies, strengthen technical cooperation relations, etc., to expand the economic growth of each country.
      In case
      April 2012 - Ministerial level Japan-India economic dialogue
      The first meeting of the minister-level Japan-India economic dialogue was held in New Delhi to strengthen economic relations between Japan and India. The primary focus is the realization of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Aorta (DMIC) concept and agreed with the intention to promote the DMIC business, focusing on infrastructure development.
       
      December 2013 - State parliamentary election
      Legislative elections were held in five provinces (Chavis Gare, Mahdia Pradesh, Rajasthan, Mizoram), which were deemed to have an enormous impact on the House of Representatives election in the first half of 2014. It is expected that the Indian People's Party will regain power in the general election, as the National Congress Party, which was the then regulatory regime, has dramatically reduced the number of seats, except for Mizoram.
       
      May 2014 - Indian House of Representatives Election
      In the general election held on May 16th, the Indian People's Party won the single majority of seats for the first time in thirty years, and the change of government for the first time in ten years was realized. As background, it can be said that because the corruption of the National Council is conspicuous, attention was paid to Prime Minister of Gujarat and the Prime Minister of Moldy, who is keen on clean politics.
       
      June 2014 - Birth of the 29th state in India
      In the form divided from the state of Andorra Pradesh, the province of Telangana, the 29th state around the Deccan Plateau, was born. By 2024, Hyderabad is scheduled to be the provincial capital city of Telangana and Andorra Pradesh.
       
      October 2014 - Haryana, Maharashtra State Election
      The state elections were held in Haryana State and Maharashtra State where not only Japanese companies but also many multinational companies have advanced. In the last polls in both states, the National Congress Party was responsible for the administration, but the Indian People's Party won the two countries' victory in the two countries without changing the momentum of the House of Representatives general election.
       
      May 2016 - Tamilnadu State Parliamentary Election
      Legislative parliamentary elections were held in Tamilnadu Province where Chennai, one of the major cities and many Japanese automobile industries belongs to, and the ruling All India · Anna · Dravida Progressive Federation (AIADMK) occupies the majority of the seats, The Prime Minister of Jayarala province is to continue.
       
      August 2016 - Prime minister change in Gujarat province
      Prime Minister Anandiben Patel in Gujarat Province located in the northwestern part of India announced his resignation in the middle of the first term, and Mr. Vijay Lupani is to be newly inaugurated. Mr. Lupani belongs to Indian People's Party (BJP) to which Prime Minister Mody belongs.
       
      July 25, 2017 Birth of President Lahm Nat Covenant
      Independent elections were held on 17th July by the House of Representatives and Legislative Councilors in the election to elect replacement of current President Pranab Mukazi. In India where the prime minister holds the power of politics President is a symbolic existence of state integration and the president, who is from Dalit (victim), is the second person since Mr. Narayanan, who took office in 1997.

       

       [Chronology]

       

      AD

      Party

      Prime Minister

      Current Events

       

      1947

      ～

       

      Indian National Congress Party

       

      Nehru              

      Independence from British rule (1947) Indo-Pak war of 1947 established a new constitution

      Japan-India diplomatic relation（1952）

      1964

      ～

        Indian National     Congress Party

      Shastri

      Indo-Pak war of 1965 broke out（1965）

      1966

      ～

       Indian National  Congress Party

      Indira Gandhi

      Tertiary Indo-Pak wars（1971）Nuclear test success（1974）

      1977

      ～

      Janata Party

      (Coalition Parties)

      Desai

       

      1979

      ～

      Rourke Dal

      Charan Singh

       

      1980

      ～

      Indian National     Congress Party

      Indira Gandhi

      (1984 assassination)

       

      1984

      ～

      Indian National     Congress Party

      Rajiv Gandhi

      (1991 assassination)

       

      1989

      ～

      National Front

      V.P. Singh

       

      1990

      ～

      Janata Dal

      Chandra Shekharu

       

      1991

      ～

      Indian National  Congress Party

      Indian National  Congress Party

       

      Narasimha Rao

      Launch of New Economic Policy (1991: departure from socialist controlled economy)

      WTO Accession（1995）

      1996

      BJP

      Vajpayee

       

      1996

      ～

      United Front

      Designer Alex Devetak Gouda

       

      1997

      ～

      United Front

      Gujral

       

       

       

       

      1998

      ～

       

       

       

      National Democratic Team

       

       

       

      Vajpayee

      And conducted an underground nuclear test（1998）

      the economic sanctions by the United States, Japan also freeze the ODA

      India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement issue（2000）

      ASEAN Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement with the FTA framework agreement with Thailand (2003)

       

      2004

      ～

      Indian National Congress Party

       

       

       

      Manmohan Singh

      South Asian Free Trade Area into force (SAFTA)（2006）

      Entry into Japan-India comprehensive economic partnership agreement（2011）

      2014

      ～

      BJP

      Narendra Modi

       

    • Education and Education System

      ■   Education
      Education in India will be subject to the jurisdiction of the state government in principle. Primary education is compulsory education (excluding two provinces). Higher education institutions equivalent to universities and universities are 197 nationwide. Although the literacy rate is 73% throughout India, the Kerala state with the largest literacy rate is 93.91%, whereas the Bihar state with the lowest literacy rate is 63.82% (2011 National Government Survey).
       
      ■ Education system
      The education system in India is conducted in three categories of federal government, the provincial government, and district, and educational curriculum may vary depending on the state. In general, there are three main categories: primary education, secondary education, and higher education.
      Eight years from the age of 6 to 14 are compulsory education periods, and all children must receive primary education. Although it is said that the enrollment rate of primary school in India is 100%, many children who drop out on the way due to economic and social reasons or poor quality of education, etc.
      Although it can receive secondary education for four years from 14 to 18 years old, it is said that the proportion of students who advance from primary school to secondary education is about 30%. If we do not achieve specific results at the end of the grade exam, we cannot advance/advance. There is also an exam at the end of senior secondary school, so passing this exam is a condition to enter higher education.
      In the case of Japan, there are entrance examinations by a university at the time of going to university, but there is no college entrance examination system in India, and advanced studies will be decided in the typical general exam conducted at the time of graduation.